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Ежегодно 16 апреля в Болгарии отмечают праздник Первой Болгарской Конституции. Тырновская Конституция была почти точь-в-точь скопирована с Конституции Бельгии - в свое время самой прогрессивной Конституции - и закрепляла за Болгарией государственное устройство конституционной монархии с парламентской законодательной властью.
В дальнейшем полномочия монарха неуклонно возрастали вплоть до того, что в 1934 году Тырновская Конституция и вовсе была попрана Борисом Третьим установлением его режима личной власти. Тогда были запрещены все партии, и кабинет министров стал назначаться лично царем. После 9 сентября 1944 года Тырновская Конституция была восстановлена, но ненадолго - после референдума в 1946 году монархию свергли, было созвано Великое Народное собрание.
В годы социализма в Болгарии действовали последовательно «Димитровская» и «Живковская» Конституции. Ныне в силе Конституция Республики Болгарии, принятая Седьмым Великим Народным собранием страны 12 июля 1991 года. По этой Конституции Болгария - парламентская республика с парламентом, состоящим из 240 народных депутатов. Выборы в Народное собрание проводятся раз в 4 года. Премьер и Кабинет министров выдвигаются Народным собранием.
Новая Конституция закрепила статус государственного главы - Президента, чьи полномочия ограничены. Выборы Президента страны проводятся раз в 5 лет. В этой Конституции отменен пункт, закрепляющий за определенной партией руководящую роль в стране, а также указана неприкосновенность частной собственности.
В Конституции четко разграничены три вида власти - законодательной, исполнительной и судебной. Объявлена свобода вероисповеданий, свобода партий и объединений, свобода мнений, печати, а также свобода предпринимательства. Высшие учебные заведения располагают академической автономией.
Этот день в Болгарии официальный выходной. В стране проходят различные торжества. Самым выдающимся и любимым можно назвать торжественное построение президентского полка у президентского дворца. Президент Болгарии обязательно поздравляет своих граждан с этим знаменательным событием. Сами болгары очень серьезно относятся к своей Конституции, считая ее предметом национальной гордости.
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HAPPY MEMORIAL DAY TO THE GRAND DUKE OF KIEV SVYATOPOLK IZYASLAVICH
The reign of Svyatopolk was marked by a series of wars with the Polovtsians and princely feuds. Yaroslav the Wise's grandson Svyatopolk Izyaslavich was born on November 8, 1050, according to Vasily Tatishchev. The day of birth is determined by the historian based on the fact that on November 8 (according to the Julian calendar) the Cathedral of Archangel Michael is celebrated, and the baptismal name of the Prince is Michael. He was the son of the Kievan Prince Iziaslav, who was deposed for the first time in Russian history as a result of a popular uprising. Iziaslav refused to support the Kievans, who wanted to repel the Polovtsians, who were making devastating raids into the borders of the Kievan Principality, and therefore was deposed and forced to hide in Poland for some time.
Izyaslav also faced the Polovtsian question when he took the Kievan throne in 1093 after the death of Vsevolod Yaroslavich. The Polovtsians, as soon as they learned of Vsevolod's death, sent envoys to make peace with the new Prince, i.e. to pay off. Even at the end of Vsevolod Yaroslavich's life, taking advantage of his illness, the khans Bonyak and Tugorkan raided the Kiev lands. Svyatopolk, without consulting the Kiev boyars, imprisoned the ambassadors in prison, which led to an outbreak of looting by the Polovtsy of the civilian population. Svyatopolk did not manage to gather a large army, only Vladimir Monomakh, who reigned in Chernihiv, and Rostislav, Prince of Pereyaslavl, came to his aid.
Monomakh gave wise advice – to wait for time, but Svyatopolk insisted on fighting. In the battle of Stugna near the city of Torcheska on may 26, 1093, Russian troops were defeated by nomads. The subsequent battles on Wants and Halep was unsuccessful for Kiev, Svyatopolk and decided to sign with the Polovtsy world. He married the daughter of the Khan Tugorkan, which, however, did not secure the Kievan Principality from the Polovtsians. The Horde of Polovtsian Khan Bonyak, who supported Oleg Svyatoslavich, Prince of Tmutarakan, who was an opponent of Vladimir Monomakh and, accordingly, Svyatopolk Izyaslavich, moved to Kiev, burned the princely residence in Berestov. A Horde of khans of Kuri and Tugorkan besieged Pereyaslavl, but the combined forces of Svyatopolk Izyaslavich and Vladimir Monomakh defeated them on the Trubezh river on July 19, 1096.
At the same time when the Kievan Prince was fighting the Polovtsians, in the North-East of Russia there was a struggle between Vladimir Monomakh and Oleg Svyatoslavich. The Lubec Congress, called in 1097 by Svyatopolk Izyaslavich, and which determined the principle of land inheritance, only briefly stopped the showdown.
The feud broke out again. Svyatopolk, tried to seize the Principality of Peremyshl ' and terebovl owned by the Rostislav, but was defeated. His attempt to establish himself in Novgorod failed. Novgorodians rejected the candidacy of his son Yaroslav: "if your son has two heads, send him to us."
However, despite the strife, the Russian princes managed to unite to repel the external threat. After Polabskogo Congress in the year 1103, the Federal Russian squad crushed the Polovtsy already on site. In 1103, the Polovtsians were defeated on the Suteni river, in 1107 – on the Sule river, in 1111-in the upper reaches of the Donets and on the Salnitsa river.
If in foreign policy Iziaslav showed himself as a defender of the Russian land from the Polovtsians, then in domestic politics, he, as his enemies testified, did not leave a good memory for himself. And how could he leave a good memory, if the carriers of information were mainly boyars. Or as in the joke: "the Boss said Chipmunk bird, so bird!”. Judge for yourself, as the Kiev-Pechersk Paterik testified “ " the Prince was associated with the trading elite and somehow involved in speculation with salt.” His contemporaries said: "in the days of his reign in Kiev, Svyatopolk Izyaslavich created a lot of violence and destroyed the houses of the strong without guilt, the estates of many ottyal", note "the houses and estates of the rich seized in favor of those who did not have".
The historian Tatishchev called Svyatopolk very stingy and avaricious. Tatishchev does not disclose what was said, but in fact, this suggests that the Prince was stingy before the state Treasury. I did not give money to the right and left, as now Mr. Putin.
As well as the historian Igor Froyanov, incorrectly believes when he says that Svyatopolk reigned in Kiev not edifying. By and large, and rightly so, I did not teach how to live, did not press my power.
And the fact that when the Prince died on April 16, 1113, only the boyars and their retinue mourned him, testifies to their joy, not their grief. And the Kievans endured his death in silence. After Svyatopolk's death, his cousin Vladimir Monomakh took the place of the mother of Russian cities on the throne.
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